Candle Molds

Bronze is the most popular metal for cast metal sculptures; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply a "bronze". Common bronze alloys have the unusual and very desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mold. more...

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The strength and lack of brittleness (ductility) of the material is an advantage when figures in action are to be created, especially when compared to various ceramic or stone materials (see marble sculpture for several examples). These qualities allow the creation of extended figures, as in Jeté, or figures that have small cross sections in their support, such as the equestrian statue of Richard the Lionheart, both shown to the right. The value of the bronze for other uses is disadvantageous to the preservation of bronze sculptures; few large ancient bronzes have survived as during wartime many were melted down to make weapons or to create new sculptures commemorating the victors, while a far larger portion of contemporary stone and ceramic sculptures have survived, even if only in fragments subsequently reassembled.

The great civilizations of the old world worked in bronze for art, from the time of the introduction of bronze for edged weapons. The Greeks were the first to scale the figures up to lifesize. Very few examples exist in good condition of these cast works. The seawater-preserved bronze now called "The Victorious Athlete" is a fine example but painstaking efforts were required to bring it to its present state for museum display. Far more Roman bronze statues have survived. The ancient Chinese, from at least 1200BC, knew both lost wax casting and section mould casting, and in the Shang dynasty created many large ritual vessels covered with complex decoration which have survived in tombs. Over the long creative period of Egyptian dynastic art, small lost wax bronze figurines were made in large numbers and several thousand of them have been conserved in museum collections. From these beginnings, bronze art has continued to flourish up to the present.

Process

The manufacture of bronzes is highly skilled work, and a number of distinct casting processes may be employed, including lost-wax casting (and its modern-day spin-off Investment Casting), sandcasting and centrifugal casting.

Lost wax method

In the lost-wax casting (also known as investment casting) method, the artist starts with a full-sized model of the sculpture, most often a non-drying oil-based clay such as Plasticine™ model for smaller sculptures or for sculptures to be developed over an extended period (water based clays must be protected from drying), and water-based clay for larger sculptures or for sculptures for which it is desired to capture a gestural quality - one that transmits the motion of the sculptor in addition to that of the subject. A mold is made from the clay pattern, either as a piece mold from plaster, or using flexible gel or similar rubber-like materials stabilized by a plaster jacket of several pieces. Often a plaster master will be made from this mold for further refinement. Such a plaster is a means of preserving the artwork until a patron may be found to finance a bronze casting, either from the original molds or from a new mold made from the refined plaster positive.

Read more at Wikipedia.org